Understanding Macular Degeneration: Types, Symptoms & Care

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss for people over 50. It damages the macula — the part of your retina responsible for sharp central vision — making it hard to read or recognize faces. There are two types: dry AMD, where waste deposits (drusen) build up and the macula slowly thins, and wet AMD, where abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid or blood.

Early on, macular degeneration may cause few symptoms. People might notice blurred or dim vision, difficulty reading or seeing details, and needing brighter light. As it progresses, blank or dark spots can appear in your central vision. Risk factors include older age, family history of AMD, Caucasian ethnicity, smoking, high blood pressure, obesity, and diets low in leafy greens and fish. Regular eye exams help detect AMD before significant vision loss occurs.

Macular degeneration is diagnosed through comprehensive eye exams that include a dilated retinal examination. Eye care professionals use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to image the macula and may perform fluorescein angiography to identify abnormal blood vessels in wet AMD. Monitoring with regular eye exams and at‑home Amsler grid testing helps detect changes early so treatment can be adjusted.

While there is no cure for age‑related macular degeneration, treatments can slow its progression and help preserve vision. For dry AMD, eye vitamins containing antioxidant vitamins and zinc (AREDS2 formulation) may delay vision loss. Wet AMD is treated with anti‑VEGF injections that block abnormal blood vessel growth, and sometimes photodynamic therapy or laser treatment is used. Early diagnosis and regular treatment are key to maintaining sight.

You can't cure macular degeneration, but healthy habits may slow its progression. Avoid smoking, eat a diet rich in leafy greens, colorful fruits and fish, maintain a healthy weight, and exercise regularly. Control blood pressure and cholesterol, protect your eyes from UV light with sunglasses, and consider AREDS2 nutritional supplements if recommended by your doctor. Use an Amsler grid at home to monitor for changes, and schedule regular dilated eye exams for early detection.

We provide patients with resources for monitoring their macular degeneration at home. Using an Amsler grid, hold the grid at reading distance (12–15 inches) and test each eye separately by covering the other eye. Focus on the center dot and notice if lines appear wavy, blurry or if areas are missing; call your eye doctor immediately if you notice changes. Our team is always available to guide you and coordinate support, from nutritional counseling to referrals and low-vision aids.