Understanding Macular Degeneration: Types, Symptoms & Care

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye disease affecting about 20 million Americans over 40【666991905255794†screenshot】. Dry AMD occurs when fatty deposits (drusen) accumulate and thin the macula, whereas wet AMD involves abnormal blood vessels leaking under the retina【666991905255794†screenshot】. Symptoms often start with blurred or wavy central vision. There is no cure, but anti‑VEGF injections, long‑acting implants, emerging gene therapies and new drugs for the advanced dry form (e.g., Syfovre, Izervay) are improving outcomes【864882033247136†screenshot】【152519918134788†screenshot】.

Early dry macular degeneration often has no symptoms. As the disease progresses, people may notice mild blurriness, trouble seeing in dim light or reading, and in late stages straight lines may look wavy and dark spots can appear in their central vision【282166776001356†L129-L143】. Risk increases with age – people over 55 are more likely to develop AMD【282166776001356†L148-L156】. Other risk factors include having a family history of the disease, being Caucasian or smoking【282166776001356†L148-L156】. High blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity and diets low in leafy greens or fish may also contribute. Regular eye exams are vital for early detection and risk-factor management.

Macular degeneration is diagnosed through comprehensive dilated eye exams. During a dilated exam your doctor widens your pupil to examine the retina for drusen and abnormal blood vessels. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses light waves to take cross‑sectional images of the retina to detect swelling or fluid【282166776001356†L197-L205】. In wet AMD, fluorescein angiography may be used to map leaking blood vessels so treatment can be targeted. Regular monitoring with at‑home tools like the Amsler grid and routine eye exams help catch changes early so therapies can be adjusted.

Anti‑VEGF injections remain the standard for wet AMD. Longer‑acting implants and new drugs for geographic atrophy, like Syfovre and Izervay, are being studied【864882033247136†screenshot】. Lifestyle changes and AREDS2 vitamins remain key.

Healthy habits may slow the progression of macular degeneration. Don’t smoke and eat a diet rich in leafy greens, colorful fruits and fish while limiting saturated fats. Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels, exercise regularly and protect your eyes with UV‑blocking sunglasses. Research suggests these lifestyle choices may reduce risk for AMD or slow vision loss【282166776001356†L174-L183】.

We provide patients with resources for monitoring their macular degeneration at home. Using an Amsler grid, hold the grid at reading distance (12–15 inches) and test each eye separately by covering the other eye. Focus on the center dot and notice if lines appear wavy, blurry or if areas are missing; call your eye doctor immediately if you notice changes. Our team is always available to guide you and coordinate support, from nutritional counseling to referrals and low-vision aids.